For this review, we interviewed 20 climate and energy specialists. There was a striking consensus that the EU had played a positive role overall in the UK’s energy outcomes, even amongst those who had criticisms of individual policies. There was widespread concern that the UK would struggle to maintain a coherent energy and climate programme if it were to leave the EU.

We conclude that, overall, EU climate policy has been a powerful, positive force in helping the UK to meet its energy investment and climate change goals.

We are grateful to the European Climate Foundation for supporting this publication.